1: Premise of How to Read

If you read a lot of books a year, then it makes sense to spend a few hours learning how to read better and double the value from your reading. That’s the point of How to Read a Book.

After you learn phonics as a child and go through high school English, no one really teaches you how to read intelligently. College courses rarely touch on this, and the workforce even less so.

As a result, plenty of adults read at an elementary level - not in the sense of having a limited vocabulary, but in absorbing the value of a book efficiently. See if any of these problems apply to you:

• You don’t really know what a book is about until you start reading it.
• You read at the same pace, regardless of whether it’s a good book or a terrible book.
• You don’t critique your books, articulating exactly why you liked or disliked it.

What Good Reading Is

Reading books is a way of learning, with the author being your instructor.

The more active the reading, the better. Some consider reading to be passive in nature - at least, more passive than active doing or completely independent self-discovery. However, because learning is active, reading with the purpose of understanding is necessarily active.

As with live instruction, you should ask questions of the teacher; but unlike with a live instructor, you must answer those questions yourself.

In this way, instruction through reading is aided discovery. The student must herself do the learning, much like a doctor may do many things for a patient, but the patient herself must follow instructions and get well.

There are two types of reading:

1. reading to gain more information. If the information is thoroughly intelligible to you, if you do not feel in over your depth, you do not improve understanding. You collect facts of the type you already know. You simply know that something is the case.
2. reading to understand. Here the content is initially better than the reader. It might throw light on all the facts she already knows. You become enlightened not just to what is the case, but why it is the case, and its connection with other facts.

The second type of reading expands your understanding and increases your reading skills.

However, we don’t live in a world that’s conducive to understanding.

• Most people are not taught how to read beyond elementary school. That is, courses no longer teach how to learn more effectively by reading. This book aims to bridge this gap.
• Today media is packaged to make thinking unnecessary. Packaged opinions are inserted into people’s minds, like a cassette in a cassette player, and the viewer pushes a button and plays back the opinion whenever it seems appropriate.
• We are inundated with facts to the detriment of understanding.

The best books challenge your reading ability and force you to grow as a reader.

To be well-read is not to have read a large quantity of books, but to have a high-quality understanding of good books.

4 Key Questions to Answer while You’re Reading

If you read for understanding, after the book, you will be able to answer four key questions:

• What is this book about as a whole?
  • The leading theme, and how the author develops the theme.
• What is being said in detail, and how?
  • The main ideas and assertions.
• Is the book true, in whole or part?
  • You must make up your own mind, if you are reading seriously. You can’t take the book for true without critical inspection.
• What of it? Why is this important? What follows?

Ideally, you make a habit of asking these as you read. Doing this at first feels clunky, but you need to train each skill separately before doing it all subconsciously.

Treat the skill of reading like skiing. Reading is at least as complex as these acts.

• Skiing at first feels awkward and frustrating. Even though you have been on two feet all your life, suddenly putting skis on changes everything.
• Skiing is taught as separate acts (bend your knees, look down the hill, keep your back straight). Ideally, you don’t think about the separate acts, instead integrating it into smooth movements. But to forget them as separate acts, you have to learn them first as separate acts.

Any experienced learner knows that she shouldn’t fear rules at the beginning of something new. After mastery, they coalesce and can be done automatically. Reading for real understanding is the same way.

Techniques to Understand a Book

We’ll cover far more suggestions on how to read well, but here are quick tips:

• Underline or highlight major points
• Mark the 10 most important statements or passages in the book
• Write numbers in the margin to indicate a sequence of points to develop an argument
• Refer to other pages in the margin
• Write in the margin to record questions
• After finishing the book, outline the content of the book

The Four Levels of Reading

The bulk of the book is about four levels of reading, each increasing in difficulty and complexity. Here they are at a high level:

• Elementary
  • This is pure mechanical reading of text and comprehension of what the symbols literally mean.
  • This is where most remedial courses aim, and the extent to which reading is taught in school.
• Inspectional
  • This is a skimming of the book to understand its main points and its structure. It aims to gain the best understanding of the book in a limited time.
  • This is achieved by reading the table of contents, index, and key summaries of major chapters.
• Analytical
  • This aims to gain the best understanding of the book in unlimited time.
  • Not only should you aim to understand what is being said, you should develop a personal opinion about its validity.
  • This isn’t necessary if your goal is simply information or entertainment.
• Syntopical
  • This aims to compare books and authors to one another, to model dialogues between authors that may not be in any one of the books.

On What Books to Read

The vast majority of books will not strain your ability to read analytically. They deliver information that fits your current framework, or are read for entertainment.

There is a second class of books that teach you both how to read and how to live. This might be fewer than one out of every hundred, or one out of every thousand.

There is a final highest class of books, perhaps fewer than a hundred, that you can return to over and over again, and on your return they seem to have grown with you. You see new things in it that you did not see before. You should seek out these books, for they will teach you the most.

To identify these books, you might consider the desert island question - which 10 books would you take with you if you could never read any book ever again? These differ between humans, and you should start with the classics that interest you the most.

(The authors include books ranging from Homer’s Odyssey and Aristotle’s Ethics, to da Vinci’s Notebooks and Shakespeare’s works, to Einstein’s works on relativity and Jame Joyce).